ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE

1.      TENSES

-          Present

S + V1 + s/es + O	O + to be (present) + V3 + by S
The president discuss the problem today	The problem is discussed by the president today

-          Past

S + V2 + O	O + to be (past) + V3 + by S
Vidy bought the book yesterday	The book was bought by Vidy yesterday

-          Future ( Will or Going to )

S + will + V1 + O	O + will + be + V3 + by S
The boy will eat hamburger	Hamburger will be eaten by the boy

2.      CONTINOUS

-          Present

S + to be (present) + V1 + ing + O	O + to be (present) + being + V3 + by S
She is watering the plant this morning	The plant is being watered by her

-          Past

S + to be (past) + V1 + ing + O	O + to be (past) + being + V3 + by S
Donald was watching the cinema	The cinema was being watched by Donald

-          Future

S + will + be + V1 + ing + O	O + will + be + being + V3 + by S
Rio will be driving the car	The car will be being driven by Rio

3.      PERFECT

-          Present

S + has/have + V3 + O	O + has/have + been + V3 + by S
Davin & Nathan have cut the paper	The paper have been cut by Davin & Nathan

-          Past

S + had + V3 + O	O + had + been + V3 + by S
Mom had cooked fried rice lastnight	Fried rice had been cooked by mom lastnight

-          Future

S + will + have + V3 + O	O + will + have + V3 + by S
The boy will have studied computer	Computer will have studied by The boy

Note :

Will  : Tidak terencana sebelumnya

Going to            : Terencana

Has                    : He, She, Is

Have                  : I, You, They, We

To be (present)  : Am, Is, Are

To be (past)       : Was, Were

MODALS & SEMI MODALS

MODALS

Modal Auxiliary verb adalah kata yang ditempatkan sebelum main verb (kata kerja utama) untuk memodifikasi makna dari kata kerja utama tersebut. Fungsinya untuk mengekspresikanwillingness (kemauan) atau ability(kemampuan), necessity (kebutuhan), dan possibility (kemungkinan).Kata kerja bantu ini antara lain: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, dan ought to 

1.      CAN

Can digunakan untuk menyatakan ability (kemampuan) di masa depan

Contoh : She can make cupcakes for her mother ( Dia bias membuat cupcake untuk ibunya )

2.      COULD

Could digunakan untuk ability di masa lalu (past)

Contoh : Could you explain how I get his heart? (Bisakah Anda menjelaskan bagaimana saya mendapatkan hatinya? )

3.      MAY

May untuk menyatakan possibility (kemungkinan) di masa sekarang (present) dan masa depan (future).

Contoh : They may not leave me alone ( Mereka tidak mungkin meninggalkanku sendiri )

4.      MIGHT

Might merupakan bentuk past dari may dimana digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission) yang lebih formal daripada modal verb could. Dibanding may, might lebih tentative (tidak pasti) kejadiannya.

Contoh : If I get good scores, might I vacation with friends? (  Jika saya mendapatkan nilai bagus, bolehkah saya berlibur dengan teman?

5.      WILL

Modal verb ini untuk membuat keputusan secara spontan/tanpa rencana.

Contoh : Will you like to be friends of my life? (Apakah Anda ingin menjadi teman hidup saya? )

6.      WOULD

Would sama seperti will namun dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan kemauan yang lebih sopan.

Contoh : Will you help me? ( Maukah kamu menolongku? )

7.      SHALL

8.      SHOULD

Should untuk member suggestion (saran) atau nasehat.

Contoh : We should meet more long ( Kita harus bertemu lebih lama )

9.      MUST

Modal verb ini mengekspresikan kewajiban atau kebutuhan

Contoh : You must go now ( kamu harus pergi sekarang )

10.  OUGHT TO

 Contoh : That’s a delicious food. You ought to try it! (or You must try it.)

SEMI MODALS

have to - has to
had to – will have to

= Menunjukan kewajiban dan pemberian saran

have to/has to – di sekarang / masa depan

had to – di masa lalu

will have to – di masa depan

Contoh kalimat :

·         I have to study every day

·         He has to wash the car after rain

·         He had to stop smoke

·         We will have to graduate on time

·         They have to study hard for get best scores

PARTS OF SPEECH

THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH

1.      NOUN ( KATA BENDA )

Sebuah benda adalah orang, tempat, benda, atau ide.

Kata benda adalah subyek dari kalimat.

Contoh :

The bakery has fresh baked goods.

The dog was lonely for me.

Love is a beautiful thing.

Kylie is a pro-golfer.

Common Noun - Sebuah benda yang tidak menyebutkan nama orang tertentu, tempat atau hal.

Proper Noun - Sebuah nomina bahwa nama orang tertentu, tempat atau hal (lebih spesifik)

2.      PRONOUNS ( KATA GANTI )

Contoh :

I, me, my, you, your, he, she, it , us, we, they, them, his, her, their, mine, our, myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, themselves, ourselves, who, whose, whom, anybody, anyone, everybody, nobody, someone, somebody.

3.      ADJECTIVE ( KATA SIFAT )

Kata sifat adalah kata yang menggambarkan sebuah kata benda atau kata ganti. Ini memberitahu seperti apa, berapa banyak, atau yang mana.

Contoh :

green shirt

sour limes

4.      VERB ( KATA KERJA )

Kata kerja adalah tindakan kalimat. Ini menunjukkan apa yang seseorang atau sesuatu yang sedang mereka lakukan.

Contoh :

Rain, paint, read, study dll.

5.      ADVERB ( KATA KETERANGAN )

Kata keterangan menjelaskan bagaimana tindakan tersebut dilakukan. Mereka mengatakan berapa banyak, seberapa sering, kapan dan di mana sesuatu dilakukan.

Contoh :

The fished jumped quickly from the water.

6.      CONJUNCTION ( KATA PENGHUBUNG )

Kata penghubung adalah kata yang bergabung kata atau kelompok kata bersama-sama. Beberapa contoh konjungsi adalah: dan, tetapi, atau, atau, meskipun, belum, jadi, baik, dan juga.

Contoh :

We ate pizza and drank pop for dinner.

7.      PREPOSITION ( PREPOSISI )

Sebuah preposisi adalah kata yang menunjukkan posisi atau, arah. Beberapa contoh adalah di, luar, di bawah, di atas, setelah, keluar, ke dalam, atas, bawah, untuk, dan antara.

Contoh :

She worked at her desk.

The sun was in the sky.

8.      INTERJECTION

Sebuah kata seru adalah kata yang menunjukkan emosi yang kuat. Contoh-contoh seperti yang Wow !, Aduh !, Hore !, dan Oh tidak!

Contoh:

Oh no! WOW! Ouch!

CONTOH PARAGRAF BERISI PARTS OF SPEECH

Vidy (Nouns) is the second of three brothers. Between (Preposition) brother and (conjunction)sister who are less active in (preposition) the organization of school time it was her. Vidy is also (conjunction)  a student at a private university (common nouns) . Vidy lecture at Gunadarma karawaci (proper nouns). Every day she (pronouns) went (verb)  to college with the motorcycle (nouns). The motorcycle driven (verb)  by herself (pronouns). Silver violet (adjective) motorcycle . After college Vidy return to her house, sometimes she (pronouns) also (conjunction) gathered (verb) with her (pronouns) friends to do the task group. Vidy daily activities more is spent (verb)  at home. So if on weekdays she (pronouns) lectures and (conjunction) study (verb) at weekends she (pronouns) spends (verb) her time hanging out (verb) with her old friends. Vidy usually watch (verb)  a movie or (conjunction ) just to the café for a meal. Vidy yesterday just to Bogor along with his (pronouns) friend driving (verb) a car (nouns). Alham (nouns ) driving (verb) quickly (adverb), upon arriving (verb) there we to MomoMilk Barn Cafe (proper nouns) . It appeared in (preposition) the café we (pronouns) can not directly get in, but we have a waiting (verb) list. Oh no! (interjection) turns at a holiday like this turns café in Bogor (proper nouns)  as busy as this.

COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE

COMPARATIVE

Comparative adalah istilah yang diberikan untuk grammar yang digunakan untuk membandingkan 2objek / hal.

• Rule                       :

a.       1 syllable ( suku kata ) : +er

b.      Big + g + er

c.       –y diganti i + er

d.      2 syllable ( suku kata ) : more

e.      Exception : Good, Bad, Far

f.        Followed by than ( than nya dibelakang )

• Example :

·         Eka  higher than Vidya

·         Hafiz more fat than Gilang

SUPERLATIVE

Superlative adalah istilah yang diberikan untuk grammar yang digunakan untuk membandingkan lebih dari 2 objek / hal.

• Rule                       :

a.       1 syllable ( suku kata ) : +est

b.      Big + g + er

c.       –y diganti i + er

d.      2 syllable ( suku kata ) : most

e.      Exception : Good, Bad, Far

f.        Followed by the ( the nya di depan )

• Example:

·         Hasna more cleverest  than her classmate

·         Jakarta is the most polluted city in Indonesia

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Conditional sentence adalah complex sentence ( kalimat majemuk ) yang dibentuk dari subordinate clause yang diawali dengan conjunction if berupa condition ( syarat ) dan main clause berupa result/consequence ( hasil )

                Ada 4 tipe conditional sentence yang biasa digunakan, yaitu tipe 1, tipe 2, tipe 3 dan tipe 0. Condition pada conditional sentence tipe 1 mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 2 tidak atau hamper tidak mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 3 tidak mungkin dipenuhi (unreal), sedangkan tipe 0 selalu terwujud.

·         TYPE 1

Conditional sentence yang digunakan ketika result/consequence ( hasil ) dari condition ( syarat ) memiliki kemungkinan untuk terwujud di masa depan karena condition nya realistis untuk dipenuhi.

 

 If + condition, result/consequence

If + simple present ( Will + bare infinitive ) / imperative

OR

Result / consequence

( Will + bare infinitive ) / imperative + if + simple present

Kalimat	Contoh kalimat conditional sentence type 1
+	If you leave me alone, I will miss you
-	If you don’t arrive on time, I will be in a bad mood
?	If they are busy with their respective activities, will I feel lonely?

·         TYPE 2

Conditional type 2 atau second conditional adalah conditional sentence yang digunakan ketika result/consequence ( hasil ) dari condition ( syarat ), tidak memiliki atau hanya sedikit kemungkinan untuk terwujud karena conditionnya tidak mungkin dipenuhi di masa sekarang ( present unreal situation ) atau conditionnya sulit untuk dipenuhi di masa depan ( unlikely to happen ).

                                                                                                                   

If + Condition, result/consequence

If + simple past, would/could/might + bare infinitive

OR

Result / consequence + if + condition

Would/could/might + bare infinitive + if + simple past 

Kalimat	Contoh kalimat conditional sentence type 2
+	If he knows my feelings, I would be happy
-	If he were a fireman, he wouldn't have much time for family
?	If he followed your instruction, would you safe?

·         TYPE 3

Conditional sentence type 3 atau third conditional adalah condition sentence yang digunakan ketika result/consequence ( hasil ) dari condition ( syarat ) tidak ada kemungkinan terwujud karena conditionnya harus sudah dipenuhi di masa lalu.

                                                                                                                        

If + condition, result/consequence

If + past perfect + would/should/could/might have + past participle

OR

Result/consequence + if + condition

would/should/could/might have + past participle + if + past perfect

                                                                                                             

                                               

Kalimat	Contoh kalimat conditional sentence type 3
+	If he remembered his promise to me, he would still be here with me
-	If he had come late to class computer lab, he wouldn't have go inside
?	If he comes back to you, would you accept it?

·         Zero conditional

Conditional sentence type 0 adalah conditional sentence yang digunakan ketika result/consequence ( hasil ) dari condition ( syarat ) selalu terwujud karena merupakan scientific fact ( kebenaran ilmiah ) atau general truth ( kebenaran umum ) yang merupakan habitual activity ( kebiasaan ). Bagian dependent clause ( if + clause ) dapat diawali oleh kata if atau when.

                                                                                                         

If / when + condition, result/consequence

If / when + simple present simple present

OR

Result/consequence + if / when + condition

Simple present + if / when + simple present

Kalimat	Contoh kalimat conditional sentence type 0
+	If I eat late, I am headache
-	If they arrive late, they are not allow to enter
?	If he fry too long, it become burn?