ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE

1.      TENSES

-          Present

S + V1 + s/es + O	O + to be (present) + V3 + by S
The president discuss the problem today	The problem is discussed by the president today

-          Past

S + V2 + O	O + to be (past) + V3 + by S
Vidy bought the book yesterday	The book was bought by Vidy yesterday

-          Future ( Will or Going to )

S + will + V1 + O	O + will + be + V3 + by S
The boy will eat hamburger	Hamburger will be eaten by the boy

2.      CONTINOUS

-          Present

S + to be (present) + V1 + ing + O	O + to be (present) + being + V3 + by S
She is watering the plant this morning	The plant is being watered by her

-          Past

S + to be (past) + V1 + ing + O	O + to be (past) + being + V3 + by S
Donald was watching the cinema	The cinema was being watched by Donald

-          Future

S + will + be + V1 + ing + O	O + will + be + being + V3 + by S
Rio will be driving the car	The car will be being driven by Rio

3.      PERFECT

-          Present

S + has/have + V3 + O	O + has/have + been + V3 + by S
Davin & Nathan have cut the paper	The paper have been cut by Davin & Nathan

-          Past

S + had + V3 + O	O + had + been + V3 + by S
Mom had cooked fried rice lastnight	Fried rice had been cooked by mom lastnight

-          Future

S + will + have + V3 + O	O + will + have + V3 + by S
The boy will have studied computer	Computer will have studied by The boy

Note :

Will  : Tidak terencana sebelumnya

Going to            : Terencana

Has                    : He, She, Is

Have                  : I, You, They, We

To be (present)  : Am, Is, Are

To be (past)       : Was, Were

MODALS & SEMI MODALS

MODALS

Modal Auxiliary verb adalah kata yang ditempatkan sebelum main verb (kata kerja utama) untuk memodifikasi makna dari kata kerja utama tersebut. Fungsinya untuk mengekspresikanwillingness (kemauan) atau ability(kemampuan), necessity (kebutuhan), dan possibility (kemungkinan).Kata kerja bantu ini antara lain: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, dan ought to 

1.      CAN

Can digunakan untuk menyatakan ability (kemampuan) di masa depan

Contoh : She can make cupcakes for her mother ( Dia bias membuat cupcake untuk ibunya )

2.      COULD

Could digunakan untuk ability di masa lalu (past)

Contoh : Could you explain how I get his heart? (Bisakah Anda menjelaskan bagaimana saya mendapatkan hatinya? )

3.      MAY

May untuk menyatakan possibility (kemungkinan) di masa sekarang (present) dan masa depan (future).

Contoh : They may not leave me alone ( Mereka tidak mungkin meninggalkanku sendiri )

4.      MIGHT

Might merupakan bentuk past dari may dimana digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission) yang lebih formal daripada modal verb could. Dibanding may, might lebih tentative (tidak pasti) kejadiannya.

Contoh : If I get good scores, might I vacation with friends? (  Jika saya mendapatkan nilai bagus, bolehkah saya berlibur dengan teman?

5.      WILL

Modal verb ini untuk membuat keputusan secara spontan/tanpa rencana.

Contoh : Will you like to be friends of my life? (Apakah Anda ingin menjadi teman hidup saya? )

6.      WOULD

Would sama seperti will namun dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan kemauan yang lebih sopan.

Contoh : Will you help me? ( Maukah kamu menolongku? )

7.      SHALL

8.      SHOULD

Should untuk member suggestion (saran) atau nasehat.

Contoh : We should meet more long ( Kita harus bertemu lebih lama )

9.      MUST

Modal verb ini mengekspresikan kewajiban atau kebutuhan

Contoh : You must go now ( kamu harus pergi sekarang )

10.  OUGHT TO

 Contoh : That’s a delicious food. You ought to try it! (or You must try it.)

SEMI MODALS

have to - has to
had to – will have to

= Menunjukan kewajiban dan pemberian saran

have to/has to – di sekarang / masa depan

had to – di masa lalu

will have to – di masa depan

Contoh kalimat :

·         I have to study every day

·         He has to wash the car after rain

·         He had to stop smoke

·         We will have to graduate on time

·         They have to study hard for get best scores

PARTS OF SPEECH

THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH

1.      NOUN ( KATA BENDA )

Sebuah benda adalah orang, tempat, benda, atau ide.

Kata benda adalah subyek dari kalimat.

Contoh :

The bakery has fresh baked goods.

The dog was lonely for me.

Love is a beautiful thing.

Kylie is a pro-golfer.

Common Noun - Sebuah benda yang tidak menyebutkan nama orang tertentu, tempat atau hal.

Proper Noun - Sebuah nomina bahwa nama orang tertentu, tempat atau hal (lebih spesifik)

2.      PRONOUNS ( KATA GANTI )

Contoh :

I, me, my, you, your, he, she, it , us, we, they, them, his, her, their, mine, our, myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, themselves, ourselves, who, whose, whom, anybody, anyone, everybody, nobody, someone, somebody.

3.      ADJECTIVE ( KATA SIFAT )

Kata sifat adalah kata yang menggambarkan sebuah kata benda atau kata ganti. Ini memberitahu seperti apa, berapa banyak, atau yang mana.

Contoh :

green shirt

sour limes

4.      VERB ( KATA KERJA )

Kata kerja adalah tindakan kalimat. Ini menunjukkan apa yang seseorang atau sesuatu yang sedang mereka lakukan.

Contoh :

Rain, paint, read, study dll.

5.      ADVERB ( KATA KETERANGAN )

Kata keterangan menjelaskan bagaimana tindakan tersebut dilakukan. Mereka mengatakan berapa banyak, seberapa sering, kapan dan di mana sesuatu dilakukan.

Contoh :

The fished jumped quickly from the water.

6.      CONJUNCTION ( KATA PENGHUBUNG )

Kata penghubung adalah kata yang bergabung kata atau kelompok kata bersama-sama. Beberapa contoh konjungsi adalah: dan, tetapi, atau, atau, meskipun, belum, jadi, baik, dan juga.

Contoh :

We ate pizza and drank pop for dinner.

7.      PREPOSITION ( PREPOSISI )

Sebuah preposisi adalah kata yang menunjukkan posisi atau, arah. Beberapa contoh adalah di, luar, di bawah, di atas, setelah, keluar, ke dalam, atas, bawah, untuk, dan antara.

Contoh :

She worked at her desk.

The sun was in the sky.

8.      INTERJECTION

Sebuah kata seru adalah kata yang menunjukkan emosi yang kuat. Contoh-contoh seperti yang Wow !, Aduh !, Hore !, dan Oh tidak!

Contoh:

Oh no! WOW! Ouch!

CONTOH PARAGRAF BERISI PARTS OF SPEECH

Vidy (Nouns) is the second of three brothers. Between (Preposition) brother and (conjunction)sister who are less active in (preposition) the organization of school time it was her. Vidy is also (conjunction)  a student at a private university (common nouns) . Vidy lecture at Gunadarma karawaci (proper nouns). Every day she (pronouns) went (verb)  to college with the motorcycle (nouns). The motorcycle driven (verb)  by herself (pronouns). Silver violet (adjective) motorcycle . After college Vidy return to her house, sometimes she (pronouns) also (conjunction) gathered (verb) with her (pronouns) friends to do the task group. Vidy daily activities more is spent (verb)  at home. So if on weekdays she (pronouns) lectures and (conjunction) study (verb) at weekends she (pronouns) spends (verb) her time hanging out (verb) with her old friends. Vidy usually watch (verb)  a movie or (conjunction ) just to the café for a meal. Vidy yesterday just to Bogor along with his (pronouns) friend driving (verb) a car (nouns). Alham (nouns ) driving (verb) quickly (adverb), upon arriving (verb) there we to MomoMilk Barn Cafe (proper nouns) . It appeared in (preposition) the café we (pronouns) can not directly get in, but we have a waiting (verb) list. Oh no! (interjection) turns at a holiday like this turns café in Bogor (proper nouns)  as busy as this.